Applications of Nanotechnology, A view généraleChalla Ratnam By-RLES physicists around the world focus on application-oriented physical rather than fundamental physics. The physics of nano is the last area of active research in this century. In recent years, experienced a gold rush to seek patents at the nanoscale. More than 800 nano-related patents were granted in 2003, and the number increases each year. Companies are already underway on broad patents on discoveries and inventions nanoscale. Companies like IBM and NEC, hold the basic patents on carbon nanotubes, one of the pillars of current nanotechnology. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have a wide range of uses and is becoming crucial for many industries in electronics and computers, materials for enhanced drug delivery and diagnostics. Hewlett-Packard has proposed the use of a nanomaterial called Memristor “as a future replacement memory Flash.Qu that is what is nanotechnology? Nanotechnology, abbreviated as” nanotechnology “is the study of control matter at the atomic and molecular scale. Nanotechnology deals generally with the structures of a size between 1 and 100 nanometers in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. A nanometer (nm) equals one billionth, or 10-9 of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond length, or spacing between the atoms in a molecule, are in the range 0. 12-0. 15 nm, and the DNA double helix has a diameter of about 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular lifeforms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma are around 200 nm longueur.Un number of physical phenomena become more pronounced as the system size decreases. The electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. effects of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics effects become dominant when the nanometer size range is reached. A number of physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.) properties change in these dimensions compared to macroscopic systems. An example is the increase in area ratio surface / volume change of mechanical properties, thermal and catalytic materials. Release reactions in nanoscale materials and nano-devices nanostructure transport of fast ions are usually called Nanoionics.Les mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in research Nanomechanics. Materials reduced to the nanoscale can show different properties compared to what they present to the macro level, enabling unique applications. For example1) opaque substances become transparent (copper), 2) stable materials turn combustible (aluminum), 3) insoluble become soluble materials (gold) .4) A material such as gold, which is chemically inert to the normal range, may serve as a potent chemical catalyst nano.Une across much of the fascination with nanotechnology stems from these quantum and surface phenomena that matter at this scale nanométrique.Nanotechnologies and nanoscience got a call inch in the early 1980s with two major developments: the rise of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). This development led to the discovery of “fullerenes” in 1985 and the assignment of structure “carbon nanotubes” a few years later. In another development, the synthesis and properties of semiconductor nanocrystals have been studied. This led to a rapid increase in semiconductor nanoparticles and quantum dots. Quantum dots are nanoscale objects that can be used, among other things, for the construction of lasers. The advantage of a quantum dot laser on the semiconductor laser is that their traditional wavelength depends on the diameter of dowry. Quantum dot lasers are cheaper and offer better beam quality than laser diodes classiques.Applications of nanotechnologieLa Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology in medicine. The range of approaches to nanomedicine medical use of nanomaterials in nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology. Nanomedicine plans to deliver a valuable set of research tools and clinically helpful devices in the near future. The National Initiative for Nanotechnology (NINT) expects new commercial applications in the pharmaceutical industry which may include advanced systems for administering drugs, new therapies, and imaging in vivo. neuro-electronic interfaces and other nano-based sensors are another target of intense research. Further down the line, the speculative field of molecular nanotechnology believes that cell repair machines could revolutionize medicine and the nanotechnology field médical.La was used in the medical field by providing drugs to specific cells using nanoparticles . The overall drug use and side effects can be reduced significantly by depositing the active agent in the region and no morbid higher dose than necessary. This highly selective approach reduces costs and human suffering. Using dendrimers (dendrimers are branched repeatedly, roughly spherical large molecules) and nanoparticles in targeted drug delivery and controlled, is a new field of research called Nanobiopharmacuetics. The basis point to use the drug delivery is based on three facts: encapsulation) effective drug, b) successful implementation of these drugs in the targeted region of the body, and c) the successful release of the drug is . NEMS (Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems) are being considered for the active release of drugs in patients. Some potentially important applications include cancer treatment with nanoparticles of iron or gold shells. A targeted or personalized medicine reduces the drug and the cost of treatment resulting in an overall social benefit by reducing costs to the public health system. Nanotechnology is also opening up new opportunities in implantable delivery systems, which are often preferable to injection drug use, because it frequently display a first order kinetics (blood concentration rises rapidly, but decreases exponentially over time). This rapid increase can cause problems with toxicity and efficacy may decrease as the drug concentration falls below the range cible.En 1965, Gordon Moore, a founder of Intel Corporation, made the prediction that the outstanding number of transistors that could be inserted in a given area would double every 18 months for the next ten years. What he has done and the phenomenon became known as “Moore’s Law” This trend continued well beyond 10 years until the predicted date, from just over 2000 transistors in the 4004 original processor 1971 to over 700 million transistors in the CPU Core2. He, of course, a corresponding decrease in the size of individual electronic components, ranging from a few millimeters in the 60 to hundreds of nanometers in modern circuits this millennium. In 1999, the ultimate CMOS transistor developed at the Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology in Grenoble, France, has tested the limits of the principles of MOSFET with a diameter of 18 nm (about 70 atoms placed side by side) . It was almost a tenth the size of the industry’s smallest transistor in 2003 (130 nm in 2003, 90nm in 2004, 65nm and 45nm in 2005 in 2007). It has the theoretical integration of seven billion junctions on a € 1 coin. However, the CMOS transistor, which was established in 1999, was not a research experiment to study how the simple functions in CMOS technology, but rather a demonstration of this technology at the molecular level. Manufacturers like Nantero have developed a Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) memory through base called Nano-RAM. Carbon nanotubes are electrically conductive and due to their small diameter of several nanometers, they can be used as emitters in the field with a very high yield for field emission display (FED). The principle of operation resembles that of the cathode ray tube (CRT), but on a length scale much smaller. The display production at low energy consumption could be accomplished using modern technology CNT.Dans traditional analog communication appliances are increasingly replaced by optical and optoelectronic devices because of their bandwidth and high capacities respectively. Two promising examples are photonic crystals and quantum dots. Photonic crystals are materials with periodic variation of refractive index with a lattice constant which is half the wavelength of the light used. They offer a selectable band gap energy for the propagation of a certain wavelength. Thus, they resemble a semi-conductor, but not for electrons but photons. Nanolithography is the branch of nanotechnology, which deals with the study and application of the manufacture of nanoscale structures, such as semiconductor circuits. Starting in 2007, was Nanolithography is an area of active research in academia and industry. Quantum Computer using the laws of quantum mechanics to the calculation of fast quantum algorithms. The quantum computer is the quantum bit memory space called “qubit” for several calculations simultaneously. This system can improve system performance over anciens.Une inevitable use of nanotechnology will be in heavy industry. Light and more Solid materials will be of great use to aircraft manufacturers, leading to increased performance. Spacecraft will also benefit where weight is an important factor. Nanotechnology could help to reduce the size of the equipment and reduce consumption of fuel required to do so in the air. Another useful application is Nanobatteries. Because of the relatively low energy density of batteries the operating time is limited and the replacement or recharging is necessary. The large number of batteries and accumulators represent a disposal problem. The use of batteries with high energy content or use of rechargeable batteries or ultracapacitors higher rate of recharging using nanomaterials could be useful for the problem of disposing of batterie.L ‘The most important application of nanotechnology in the household is self-cleaning or “easy-to-clean” surfaces on ceramics or glasses. Nanoceramic particles have improved flexibility and strength heat from common household equipment, such as the flat iron. The use of nanofibers engineering is already making clothes with water and stain repellent or wrinkle-free. Textiles with a “Finish nanotechnology” can be washed less frequently and lower temperatures. Nanotechnology has been used to integrate with tiny carbon particles membrane and guarantee full protection of the surface discharges for porteur.Les new foods are created from nanotechnology consumer products coming onto the market at the rate of 3-4 per week, as the “Project on Emerging Technologies (PEN), based on an inventory it has drawn up of 609 known or claimed nano-products. On PEN’s list are three foods – a brand of canola cooking oil called Canola Active Oil, a tea called Nanotera chocolate shake and a system called Slim Nanoceuticals chocolate shake. According to the firm posted on the website of PEN, canola oil, by Shemen Industries of Israel, contains an additive called “Nanodrop” designed to carry vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals in the digestive system and the urea. The quake, according to U.S. manufacturer RBC Life Sciences Inc., uses cocoa infused “nanoclusters” to improve the taste and health benefits of cocoa without the need for sugar supplémentaire.L joint use of nanoelectronics, photolithography and new biomaterials is a possible approach to making Nanorobots common medical applications, such as surgical instruments, diagnostics and drug delivery. Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer (10-9 meters). Another definition is a robot that can interact with objects nanometer precision, or can manipulate with nanoscale resolution. Following this definition even a large aircraft as an atomic force microscope (AFM) can be considered as an instrument Nanorobotic when configured to perform Nanomanipulation. Also, macroscale robots or micro-robots that can move with nanoscale precision can also be considered nanorobots. Nanomachines are largely in the research phase of development, but some primitive molecular machines have been tested. An example is a sensor with a switch of about 1. 5 nanometers in diameter, capable of counting specific molecules in a sample of products chimiques.Il has been much debate on the implications for the future of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices for a wide range of applications. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many questions that the introduction of any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials and their potential effects on the global economy. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology are guaranteed. Request a tighter regulation of nanotechnology products have a long debate increasingly linked to health and safety risks of nanotechnology. Reflecting the challenges for regulating the life cycle manager of the Institute “for food and agriculture standards” proposed that the standards for research and nanotechnology development must be integrated into all consumer, labor and environmental standards. They also suggested that NGOs and other civic groups play a significant role in the development of these normes.Alors, what does all this mean? At present, this means that Scientists are experimenting with substances at the nanoscale to learn about their properties and how we might be able to enjoy them in various applications. Engineers are trying to use nano son to create smaller, more powerful microprocessors. Doctors are finding ways to use nanoparticles in medical applications. Yet we have a long way to go before the technology dominates nanotechnology and medical markets.