Introduction to Hardware Engineering Practices Study GuideModule 2Prepared by: AGABI FRIDAYComputer Science and Engineering DepartmentThis study guide is organized into three chapters: Chapter One: Two IdentificationChapter Computer Hardware: Computer System AssemblyChapter Three: Computer system troubleshooting and MaintenanceChapter OneComputer Hardware IdentificationA computer system contains the following components / devices: caseMotherboardProcessorMemoryGraphics Tower or Desktop CardSound CardModem & NICFloppy DiskHard DiskCD-ROM / DVD ROMPC SpeakersMonitorOptional ExtrasCD-WriterZIP DriveTV Carda-desktop or tower case is required to carry all your components. It is your personal preference on which oneyou decide. Case, the office tower or two come in form factor AT and ATX. Almost all cases are ATX madenowadays like most motherboard manufacturers make their mainboard in ATX form. CasingMotherboardA Tower ATX motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that connects your processor, memory and all your cardstogether expansion to assemble a PC. The processor processorThe also called CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer. MemoryMemory is the name given to silicon chip that stores data Volatile computer. Means that the volatile ofmemory content will be lost if the computer power is off. CardGraphics graphics card provides display output on your monitor. Your device will most likely graphics on your motherboard. Sound cardif you need sound for your PC, you will need a sound card. Controllers Sound also came with boardnowadays system. ModemModem stands for modulator demodulator. It converts digital signals to analog so it can travel through the line yourtelephone, and vice versa. A modem is essential if you intend to connect your PC to internetusing dial-up access. There is also a member of the board of most computers. CardsEthernet Ethernet cards are usually purchased separately from a computer, although many computers (such as Macintosh) now include an option for a pre-installed Ethernet card. FDDYou need a FDD to access disks. DriveHard Hard Disk Drive disk stores all your data, including the operating system, applications, user files and documents. CD-ROM driveNearly all operating systems and applications software on CD. It is therefore essential to have a CD-ROM drivefor install your applications. PC speakersMonitorsCD Writer / WriterCD DVD Writer / DVD Writer is a very good option for a backup device. ZIP driveIf you need to transfer large files from one PC to another, you will find disks completely useless because of their ability limitedstorage. A zip drive might be your answer as ZIP disks can store 100 MB or 250 that modelyou choose. TV Card TV Card lets you watch TV on your monitor. Chapter TwoA STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO COMPUTER SYSTEM ASSEMBLYIf you plan to build your own PC, or need practical information on PC hardware or software, you havecome the right place. With easy to follow step by step guide combined with many images, even a beginner can create, configure and setup their own PC. This section gives you the opportunity to learn more about the Personal Computer hardware and software. We provideclear easy to follow step by step instructions on how to build your own PC, according to your own specifications. Bybuilding your computer, you get exactly what you need and you can avoid allocating money compared to buying a PC newmanufactured. At the end of the guide, you have a fully functional PC that should hopefully meet your individual needs. We alsoprovide advice and instructions on installing a specific hardware, this can be useful if you already have a PC and wantto update or add some hardware. Information is placed in the appropriate category. The Materials section provides information on all therequired PC hardware such as motherboard, processor, memory, etc. It provides advice to help you decide whichhardware is tailored to your needs. Our illustrated step by step guide shows you how to assemble a PC from scratch. The software section shows you how to configure a new hard drive using appropriate software, so it’s ready to install system anoperating. Installation Guide for Windows XP is expected that your system is up and running quickly andsmoothly. If you experience problems troubleshooting section should take care of things. So what are youwaiting, start building a PC today. Hardware InformationTo build your PC from scratch, you’ll need to buy all the necessary equipment. The first thing you need considerbefore you start shopping for your hardware is the hardware specification. You should consider whatyou going to use your PC before buying fancy expensive equipment. Otherwise, you’ll end up buying hardwarewhich offers advance features that may not be necessary for your needs and end up losing your money. Forexample, you may want to use your PC for word processing, spreadsheets and Web browsing. You would not gainmuch receive an advance purchase of 3D graphics card or have a high-end processor. Graphicscard a single processor and a midrange will satisfy your needs. Here is a list of all the materials needed to build your system, except the obvious requirement, keyboard and mouse. The goal of each is the material is explained with some tips to help you choose your hardware. Select therequired hardware for more information. Tour caseMotherboardProcessorMemoryGraphics Desktop CardSound CardModemFloppy DiskHard DiskCD-ROM / DVD ROMPC SpeakersMonitorOptional ExtrasCD-WriterZIP DriveTV-CardDesktop tower or desktop or tower case Casea is necessary to carry all your components. It is your personal preference on which one you decide to choose. The cases come two desktopor tower form factor AT and ATX. Almost all cases heard today is that manufacturers ATX motherboard motherboard do oftheir majority in the ATX form. All cases come with PSU (Power Supply Unit), space to mount your floppy disk, CD-ROM, hard disk, etc. The case that I would be using for demonstration is an ATX Midi Tower Case as shown below. Motherboard is the motherboard a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that connects your processor, memory and all your cardstogether expansion to assemble a PC. Most ATX motherboards are made today. A motherboard is standard ATX I / O (Input / Output) connectors such as PS / 2 ports, parallel ports, serial ports, etc., built into the motherboard. Old ATmotherboard other uses I / O cards and cables must be connected to the motherboard, which GetsA bit untidy. AT motherboard requires AT and AT keyboard power. ATX motherboard fits in a andcomes ATX case with an ATX power supply. What follows is an image of an ATX motherboard. As you saw from the larger, the motherboard comes with different locations for expansion cards and connectors. It comes with 3 different expansion slots, 1 AGP, 5 PCI and 1 ISA slot. The AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is where you connect and AGP graphics card. The PCI slot is where you want to connect cards like sound card, modem, etc. The TV card slot ISA is an old type of bus which is handy if you’ve got some old hardware such as modem or ISA anold sound card. Other connectors include the Intel Socket 370 CPU connector, forSDRAM DIMM slot, IDE connector to connect your hard drive, CD-ROM or other IDE and FDD connectors. The processor processorThe also called CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer. More processor, the faster it will executeinstructions and run your programs. The products are manufactured from Intel and AMD. Whatever manufacturer you decide to choose you willhave to make sure you buy a motherboard compatible. Before purchasing your CPU examine what the system will be used. If you plan to use your system for word processing, web browsingthe or other basic tasks, it may be enough for you to use an Intel Celeron or AMD Duron processor, both of which are available at prices Avery competitive. If the system will be used for spreadsheets, databases, graphics and games ahead, then you should consider an Intel Pentium 4 / Pentium D or AMD Athlon 64 / Athlon 64 X2. Pentium D and Athlon 64 X2 Dual Core are both. This means they have twoCPU in a single chip. They are also 64-bit and support the new Windows Vista Operating System. These processors are very fast and handling arecapable most of your computing needs. To build our PC demo, we will use an Intel Pentium III 866MHz Socket 370processor, as shown in the image below. Memoryhe name given to silicon chip that stores data Volatile computer. Volatile means that the memory contents will be lost if the power of theswitched off. Memory can store part of your operating system and application data while it is running. The more memory you have under yourmore you can run simultaneously and provide better overall system performance. Memory comes in the form of many. The old system uses SDRAM, while the current system uses DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate Random Access Memory SynchronousDynamic). Depending on your processor bus, you must use SDRAM to match your CPU speed bus. For example, PIII750 runs at bus speed of 100MHz, so you’ll need SDRAM running at 100MHz, known as PC100 SDRAM. However, if you signthat PIII 866 you will need PC133 SDRAM memory running at 133Mhz bus speed. You should also make sure that your motherboard can supportthese speeds. New generation of memory are present. Intel P4 use of Rambus RDRAM memory known and new processorsuse AMD DDR2 SDRAM. Part of the memory are well known manufactures Crucial, Kingston and Samsung. What follows is a picture of PC133 SDRAM to be used for our demonstration PC. CardGraphics graphics card provides display output on your monitor. There are many graphics card manufactures there whorelease a new card in the market for almost every three to six months because it is one of the most competitive hardwaremarket. Choosing a graphics card that you might consider using it for. For 2D applications such as word processing, spreadsheet, etc., a basic graphics card with 8 MB or 16 MB of graphics memory needs will be sufficient foryour. It will also allow you to run your monitor at different resolutions. However, if you need features 3D 3D applications forrunning or play 3D games you will need a 3D graphics card with at least 128MB of video memory or even 256MBof. You can buy a graphics card with PCI, AGP or PCI Express bus. However, most current motherboards have AGP slot orPCI E and you must use an AGP or PCI-E Graphics if your motherboard has an AGP or PCI-Eslot. PCI Express graphics card offers a lot more graphics bandwidth, which translates into better performance. Thecurrent high-end graphics cards are made by Nvida (GeForce) and ATI (Radeon). Graphics cards that wewill use for our demonstration PC is a Geforce II 64MB AGP card, as indicated below. Sound cardif you need sound for your PC, you will need a sound card. As a basis for sound cards are very cheap, it is recommended to consider you a card. It offers many advantages such as the performance of multimedia applications withsound, listening to wave, midi, and MP3 music files or play your audio CDs. If you plan to play Gameson your PC and then having a sound card is a must. Most current motherboards have also built basic sound. One of themost popular sound cards are the Creative SoundBlaster range. We use a Creative Live 1024 PC Sounblaster demonstration forour as indicated below. ModemModem stands for modulator demodulator. It converts digital signals to analog so it can travel through the line yourtelephone, and vice versa. A modem is essential if you intend to connect your PC to the Internet. There are many types of modems out there based on the Rockwell / Connexant v. 90 chipset. There are two kinds ofmodem, software and hardware. Modems software uses the resources of your CPU to perform its tasks and is run on port avirtual COM. Modem hardware performs its tasks using the onboard chipset and does not theCPU resources. It also works on a physical COM i. e. communication port 3. Software modems, which are also known aswinmodem can run on a Windows operating system, while the modem hardware can run on other database software such as Linux. External modems are mostly hardware based and connect to the serial port. You can also GetExternal modems that connect to the USB port, but most of these programs are based. Analog modems are currently in decline as they are replaced by digital modems that are used for broadband internet high speed. Also known as ADSL modem or ADSL router. ADSL modems are mainly external althoughyou can get internal ADSL modem. Many people also use wireless ADSL routers because it provides an excellent Wayto share Internet connections with multiple PCs. Some common providers are ADSL Router Netgear, Belkin and DLink. I decided to use a 56K modem Connexant v. 90 of our PC software demonstration as it pulls out its interm download. CardsEthernet Ethernet cards are usually purchased separately from a computer, although many computers (such as Macintosh) now include an option for a pre-installed Ethernet card. Ethernet cards contain connections for the two coaxial cables or twistedpair (or both) (See fig. 1). If it is designed for coaxial cable, the connection is BNC. If it is designed pair fortwisted he has a connection RJ-45. Some Ethernet cards also have an AUI connector. This can be used toattach twisted pair coaxial or fiber optic cable to an Ethernet card. When this method is used, it is always anexternal transmitter attached to the workstation. (See wiring for more information on connectors.) FDDYou need a FDD to access disks. Although the disks are limited in capacity, only 1. 44 MB each isalmost old PC guaranteed to have a FDD. Disk drives and now comes the end of their life as some current PCsare built without a floppy disk. This is due to the popularity of USB flash drives. Drive is ideal for storing smallfiles and documents, create boot disks, and transfer of small files. It really does not matter who makes FDD youpurchase as they are cheap and performs the same task. DriveHard Hard Disk Drive disk stores all your data, including the operating system, applications, user files and documents. This is a nonvolatilestorage, which means that the disc drive is not lost if the PC is off. There are three different types of disk drive that is IDE / ATA, SCSI, SATA (Serial ATA). The majority of home PCs areequipped with IDE drives. SCSI hard drives are mostly included in servers and powerful workstations as they offer better data transfer rate which translates into better performance than IDE drives. However modern SATA drivesare not far behind SCSI drives in performance with the introduction of 300 new SATA drives. The price of IDE / SATA dropped dramatically in recent years. You can buy a player to very large price acompetitive. It is better to buy a player that is very important and it is cheaper. A leveldrive recommended entry would be 80 GB to 120 GB. The major manufacturers are IBM hard drive, Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital andFujitsu. For our PC demo, I chose to use IBM ATA100 drive as indicated below. CD-ROM driveNearly all operating systems and applications software on CD. It is therefore essential to have a CD-ROM drivefor install your applications. Some programs require that the CD is in the CD-ROM for the program to run. For example, various encyclopedia and games. CD-ROM can also be used to play standard audio CDs on yourPC. If you intend to watch DVD movies on your PC then you need a DVD-ROM drive that can perform all thetasks CD-ROMs and play DVD movies. CD-ROM are at different speeds, the fastest drive, the faster it will install your applications. DVD players specifies twotypes speeds, one for installation and other software for DVD ripping. For example, a drive specification with16x32x DVD means it is a speed of 16 DVD and 32 CD speed. Some of these CD / DVD-ROM manufacturersinclude Toshiba Poineer, Hitachi, LG and Samsung. SpeakersA PC sound card quality is not much of a performance without a pair of speakers decent PC. Most speakers PC aremagnetically protected so it does not interfere with your monitor, but there are some budget speakers out there thatare not shielded, so check before buying. If you just use the speakers for basic sound and music are paying one of those people that play CDs on a PC then you can go out with a PC speaker budget. However, if you playgames and CDs, then you should consider a speaker system with sub-woofer. They produce high qualitysound suitable for most tasks. MonitorsIt is important that you get a quality monitoring that is comfortable to view. Monitors come is different sizes and cooling. Monitor 17 “are becoming standard control inputs. 15″ monitors are OK if you run a ANDNOT low resolution to use for long hours. As monitor prices have dropped in recent months, it is recommended that you consider A17 “or 19 inches. You can run these screens at higher resolution and refresh rate, which means they are to see and morecomfortable you can work with them for long hours. Monitors are measured diagonally. If a monitor is 17 “they do not say this is the actual viewable area. Some 17 “comes with a viewable area of 16″ is good when asothers can be as low as 15 years. 6. Monitors consist of thousands of pixels (the dots that you see on the screen). Smallerpixels produces high-definition screen net. Merely something that is less than 0. 25 mm dot pitch. If you purchase 17 “monitor make sure it can handle the refresh rate of at least 85 Hz at 1024 * 768. A 19 “shouldhandle monitor at least 1280 * 1024 to 85 Hz moment, the most popular viewing TFT screens are flat. They are now more affordable than ever. Mostpeople prefer TFT flat screens as they save a lot of space office. They are also more comfortable view. CD Writer / DVD WriterCD Writer / DVD Writer is a very good option for a backup device. It allows you to save the contents of your HDDonto a CD-R, CD-RW and DVD – A. It also lets you back up your existing CD application. Also arevery cheap blank CD, it is a backup device affordable. Like all other PC hardware and a CD / DVD Writer comes at different speeds. A reader of 32 large speed can write inaround Full 650MB CD 4 minutes and 52 Speed Disk can write in about 3 minutes and so on. CD-ReWritable is available in the IDE andSCSI. You’ll need a map SCSI, if choose to get a SCSI model. CD / DVD Writer is a simple backup device, you can use to create your own Audio CD, Photo CD, Video CDetc. You can also use your CD or DVD meida just the way you use the hard drive, using the usual drag and drop file copying. Most CD / DVD comes with software that can perform all the tasks I just mentioned . ZIP driveIf you need to transfer large files from one PC to another, you will find disks completely useless because of their ability limitedstorage. A zip drive might be your answer as ZIP disks can store 100 or 250 MB that modelyou choose. ZIP disks look like disks, but are slightly larger. Data can be written and read from a ZIP diskmuch faster than a floppy. ZIP disks can be used to manner similar to floppy disks which makes it a simpleeasy to use backup device. Zip drives have become obsolete due to short measure of CD and DVD. A more popular option is to use a USB Flashdrive also known as Pen Drive . Carda TV TV card allows you to watch TV on your monitor. The TV cards are quite useful because it offers more than television justwatching. You can connect your VCR to the TV card so you can watch video too. A thingsabout useful to have a TV card is that you can use it to capture video. Using the necessary software, you can capture these various formats VIDEOIN AVI or MPEG. That of the popular TV card is Haupauge WinTV PCI as shown below. The old TV cards were all analog devices. Now you can get digital TV cards which allows you to watch digital channels terrestrialTV. You can even get digital satellite and cable cards TV. Assembling the HardwareIf you have purchased all the necessary equipment you are ready to assemble your PC. yourcomponents Before unpacking his original anti-static bags, you must put your wrist strap, which will fulfill your own itself. It is important that you own the landfill or if there is a danger that you can damage your components anti-staticshock touching components. If you do not have a wrist strap you can unload your car by metal edges touchingthe your ATX case, although it is not recommended. Now you can skip the first step of installing motherboard. The first thing to do is unpack your ATX case. Remove the lid of your box so you can access theinside. Place the case on a desk so that you look down to the file remains open. Your case should come withmotherboard mounting screws. If your ATX backplate it not already fitted, you can l ‘ adapted by placing your base near theATX back plate cut out and push out patches, it should clip on. Now place the motherboard over the holes and screw assembly. Make sure your devices on ATX motherboardsuch that the PS / 2 and parallel port are oriented ATX backplate cut. Gently push the motherboard to thecut out, all devices should fit easily into its corresponding cut, as shown below. The holes Screw on your motherboard should align with the screw holes on your case. Place your screws camewith appropriate in the screw holes and gently using a screwdriver. The motherboard is now securely attached to the case. You can now place the ATX power connector to themotherboard. Your ATX case should come with a power supply unit (PSU) and should already be mounted to the case. The ATX power connector is shown the image below. Place the ATX power connector at the top of the power socket on the motherboard. Push the power connector and viewing itshould on the socket. If you try to adapt the connector d feed upside down, it will not be necessary, it did in a sense. Thus, if the power connector does not, he should go in the opposite direction. Next – Processor (CPU) InstallationLocate the socket processor on the motherboard. I am installing an Intel PIII 866 processor on a socket 370 as shownon the next image. The installation should be slightly different if you have a different processor ie CPU Slot1 PIII, P4 CPU, AMD Slot A / Socket A CPU etc. Lift the brown lever on the socket and the processor is slowly up. You must make sure the pin 1 yourCPU goes into pin 1 of your CPU socket otherwise the processor would not enter the socket, so do not try to force it in. It will go slowly if you adapt it properly. Now, close the lever brown securely hold the processor in place. youbought If a processor retail box, this would provide an heatsink + fan. If you bought an OEM processor make sure you got a fan is not correct for the speed of your processor, otherwise your processor will overheat and abnormal behavior or that could be damaged. Remove the plastic cover from Low CPU fan that covers the platform heat transfer. Now, place the CPU fan ontop of the CPU and push down the metal clips on the fan so that it snaps onto the CPU socket . CPU fan has a power connector to be connected to the CPU fan power socket asshown on your motherboard on the image above. Finally, you must indicate the frequency (speed), your processor is clocked at. This can be done using jumper settings, Oron some modern motherboards, it can be done in the BIOS or your motherboard may have automatic detection of the frequency yourCPU. Please refer your motherboard manual for more details. The motherboard that I use (ABIT BX133) has a gauge jumper setting and it can be set up in the BIOS. I left the jumper default as I will use theBIOS specify the CPU frequency. The processor operates at bus speed of 133Mhz so I’ll use the settings 133 * 6. 5 (multiplier) in the BIOS, which will run the CPU 866MHz. Next – Installing Memory (SDRAM) memory Installation is very simple. Find SDRAM or DDRAM banks on your motherboard, they should look like banks TOTHE below. Notice the memory banks has a white clip on each side . Make sure you release the clips so that each side bendsto. Hold each corner of the SDRAM memory placed on top of the bank 1. You will notice that the SDRAM has a cut at the bottomside he is there to prevent memoy goes in the upside. If you hold the SDRAM wayyou wrong can not insert it. Gently push the SDRAM and it should clip on the bank of memory. whiteclips The two lines will now be held every corner memory. If you have more than one SDRAM samesteps do as above but using SDRAM in your memory bank 2 and so on. Next – Hard Disk Drive installationist you look at the back of a disk IDE hard it must look like the image below. IDE / ATA connector is on the left side which consists of several pins. Next to the IDE connector is for the reader jumpersetting. The rider must be set to Master